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You are here: Home / Environment / Natural Resources / Water / Dams, Hydroelectric Power, and Irrigation / Columbia River Treaty

Columbia River Treaty

The Columbia River Treaty (Treaty Between the United States and Canada Relating to Cooperative Development of the Water Resources of the Columbia River Basin) is a treaty between the U.S. and Canada that regulates water resources in the Columbia River Watershed. It includes provisions for hydropower, irrigation, and flood control.

On this page:

  • Overview
  • Key Documents
  • More Documents
  • Related Topics
  • Organizations and Governments
  • Libraries and Digital Archives
Columbia Basin Dams Map.
Columbia Basin Dams Map. Graphics from the Citizen’s Guide to the 2016 Comprehensive Evaluation. salmonrecovery.gov/news/LinksMapsResources/citizen’s-guide-graphics

Overview

Timeline

  • 1909 – Boundary Waters Treaty between the U.S. and Canada
  • 1944 – International Columbia River Engineering Board formed by the International Joint Commission (IJC) of the U.S. and Canada
  • 1961 – Columbia River Treaty signed
  • 1963 – British Columbia-Canada agreement between Canada and British Columbia
  • 1964 – Columbia River Treaty ratified
  • 1964 – Supplementary agreement to the Columbia River Treaty
  • 1985 – Pacific Salmon Treaty signed by U.S. and Canada
  • 1995 – Columbia Basin Trust Act of Canada
  • 2008 – Columbia Basin Fish Accords to form agreements between the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC), the Colville, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Yakama tribes, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bonneville Power Administration
  • 2014 – Deadline for deciding termination of the Columbia River Treaty in 2024
  • 2024 – Sixty years from ratification of the Columbia River Treaty

Some Basics

These documents provide short summaries of the treaty:

  • Columbia River Treaty Review – History and 2014/2024 Review Brochure (PDF). Published by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers and the Bonneville Power Administration. Revised February 2009. https://www.bpa.gov/news/pubs/GeneralPublications/crt-Columbia-River-Treaty-History-and-2014-2024-Review.pdf
  • Canada-US Columbia River treaty – This Canadian government website provides information about the treaty.
Treaty relating to international cooperation in water resource development of the Columbia River Basin. United States Department of State. Washington, D.C., 1961.
Treaty relating to international cooperation in water resource development of the Columbia River Basin. United States Department of State. Washington, D.C., 1961.

Key Documents

  • Columbia River Treaty Protocol and Documents (PDF) – Online text of treaty documents at engage.gov.bc.ca.
  • Treaty relating to international cooperation in water resource development of the Columbia River Basin. United States Department of State. Washington, D.C., 1961.Columbia River treaty documents: Treaty between the United States of America and Canada relating to comparative development of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin, and the documents associated therewith. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Department of Interior, 1971.
    • CONTENTS: Introduction — Map of Treaty and Base System Projects — Treaty and Base System Elevations.
    • INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS: The Columbia Treaty — Canadian note of January 22, 1964 re. protocol — Protocol (annex to exchange of notes) — United States note of January 22, 1964 re. annex — United States note of January 22, 1964 re. attachment — Attachment relating to terms of sale — Canadian note of January 22, 1964 re. attachment — Canadian note of September 16, 1964 re. treaty — United States note of September 16, 1964 re. treaty — Canadian note of September 16, 1964 re. exchange of notes dated January 22, 1964 — United States note of September 16, 1964 re. exchange of notes dated January 22, 1964 — Protocols of exchange of instruments of ratification: United States — Protocols of exchange of instruments of ratification: Canadian.
    • UNITED STATES DOCUMENTS: Ratification of treaty — Proclamation by the President — Executive Order No. 11177 Designating a U.S. entity — Determination of United States Entity.
    • CANADIAN DOCUMENTS: Canada-B.C. agreement of July 8, 1963 — Canada-B.C. agreement of January 13, 1964 — B.C. Order in Council re. Canadian entitlement purchase agreement — Canadian Order in Council of August 31, 1964 re. ratification of treaty — Canadian Order in Council of September 4, 1964 re. exchange of notes — Canadian Order in Council of September 4, 1964 re. designation of Canadian entity — Ratification of treaty — Canadian entitlement purchase agreement

More Documents

  • Columbia River System Operations EIS (Environmental Impact Statement). U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, 2020.
  • Columbia River Treaty 2014/2024 review. United States Army, Corps of Engineers: Bonneville Power Administration. 2012. https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo69072 – This site, created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Bonneville Power Administration to review the treaty for its 50th anniversary includes maps, a history of the treaty, and various documents. This is an older web page and includes broken links.
  • Floods of May-June 1948 in Columbia River Basin. Prepared under the direction of C. G. Paulsen. A presentation of data on floods, gathered from selected gaging stations and other sources. With a section on Magnitude and frequency of floods, by S. E. Rantz and H. C. Riggs. Water-supply paper no. 1080. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949.
  • Lipiec, Eva; Pervaze A. Sheikh; Congressional Research Service. The International Joint Commission (IJC). CRS Report IF10761. Updated August 30, 2019. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10761.
  • Stern, Charles V., Congressional Research Service. Columbia River Treaty Review. CRS Report R43287. Updated December 15, 2020. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43287.
  • Treaties in Force. Washington, D.C.: Treaty Affairs Staff, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State. https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/LPS4126 or https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/LPS4127
  • U.S. Army Corp of Engineers CRT Documents
  • U.S. Department of State press releases (back to 2017)
  • U.S. Entity Regional Recommendation for the Future of the Columbia River Treaty after 2024 (PDF). December 13, 2013.

Related Topics

  • Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, 36 Stat 2448, T.S. No. 548 on NOAA website
  • Northwest Power Act, 1980 (Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act) in the Statues at Large on GovInfo – Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington states
  • Non-Treaty Storage Agreement, B.C. Hydro

Related pages on this site:

  • Dams, Hydroelectric Power, and Irrigation
  • Salmon

Columbia Basin Fish Accords

The Columbia Basin Fish Accords are a set of agreements between the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC), the Colville, Umatilla, Warm Springs, and Yakama tribes, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bonneville Power Administration.

  • Columbia Basin Fish Accords (Federal Caucus)  SalmonRecovery.gov
  • 2008 Columbia Basin Fish Accords: Memorandum of Agreement between the Three Treaty Tribes and FCRPS Action Agencies (PDF) at CRITFC.org
  • 2018 and 2020 Columbia Basin Fish Accords Extensions (PDF)
  • Ten Year Summary 2008-2017 (PDF) CRITFC.org
Libby Dam on the Kootenai River
Libby Dam and Lake Koocanusa (Libby Dam on the Kootenai River). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1986. usgs.gov/media/images/libby-dam-and-lake-koocanusa

Organizations and Governments

  • B.C. Hydro and Power Authority – Referred to as the “Canadian Entity” in the Columbia River Treaty.
  • Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) – Referred to as the “U.S. Entity” in the treaty (along with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).
  • Columbia Basin Trust – Columbia Basin Trust Act.
  • Columbia Power Corporation – Power company of the province of British Columbia.
  • Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC)
  • Federal Caucus (SalmonRecovery.gov) – Site with information from ten federal agencies involved in the Columbia Basin Fish Accords.
  • Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS), U.S. Bureau of Reclamation – The Bureau of Reclamation manages water and power projects in the Western United States.
  • Global Affairs Canada
  • Government Accountability Act(GAO) – Reports and Testimonies
  • Idaho Governor’s Salmon Workgroup
  • International Columbia River Engineering Board – see International Joint Commission
  • International Joint Commission – Boundary Waters Treaty.
  • Natural Resources Canada
  • Northwest Power and Conservation Council – Formed between Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana with authorization from 1980’s Northwest Power Act. Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act
  • Pacific Salmon Commission – Pacific Salmon Treaty.
  • Upper Columbia United Tribes
  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Columbia River Treaty – Referred to as the “U.S. Entity” in the treaty (along with the Bonneville Power Administration).
  • U.S. Department of State

Libraries and Digital Archives

  • Guide to Digital Archives (on this site)
  • Columbia Basin Fish & Wildlife Library
  • Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship
  • Universities Consortium on Columbia River Governance, University of Oregon College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences & Program in Water Conflict Management and Transformation
  • University of Idaho Digital Commons
  • University of Oregon’s Oregon Digital

Government Archives

Canada

  • ARCHIVESCANADA.ca
  • Government of Canada Publications
  • Treaty Law Division
  • BC Archives

United States

  • GovInfo
  • U.S. Catalog of Government Publications (CGP)
  • MetaLib – MetaLib is a federated search engine created by the Government Publishing Office to search many government databases at once.

Idaho

  • Idaho Commission for Libraries [stacks]
  • Digital Library of Idaho (DoI)

Montana

  • Montana State Library’s MT.GOV Connect

Oregon

  • Oregon State Archives (Oregon Secretary of State)

Washington

  • Washington State Archives – Digital Archives 

See more:

  • Dams, Hydroelectric Power, and Irrigation
  • Salmon

 

Added by Ronnie Joiner on February 11, 2022. Updated on February 20, 2022.

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